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Despite nearly a century of research into various facets of stress, researchers are still unable to agree on a proper definition of the term.
The majority of the studies included in this review simply describe stress as situations that most individuals find stressful, or stressors.
To classify these stressors, we used Elliot and Eisdorfer’s (1982) taxonomy.
This taxonomy has the benefit of separating stresses on two crucial dimensions: duration and course (e.g., discrete vs. continuous).
There are five types of stressors in the taxonomy.
Laboratory difficulties such as public speaking or mental arithmetic are examples of acute time-limited stresses.
Short-term naturalistic stresses, such as academic exams, include a person facing a real-life short-term struggle.
A main event, such as the death of a spouse or a severe natural disaster, triggers a series of linked obstacles in stressful event sequences.
Even though affected persons may not know when these issues will end, they have a strong sense that they will at some point in the future.
Unlike the other demands we’ve discussed, chronic stressors tend to pervade a person’s life, pushing him or her to reconstruct his or her identity or social roles.
Another characteristic of chronic stressors is their consistency: the person either has no idea when the struggle will cease or is certain it will never end.
Suffering a devastating accident that results in physical impairment, caring for a spouse with severe dementia, or being a refugee forced out of one’s original country due to conflict are all examples of chronic stressors.
Distant stressors are traumatic events
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